Microfluidic health monitoring devices provide revolutionary tools for biological diagnostics and industrial applications. Miniaturized microfluidic sensors integrate key steps such as sample collection, separation, and detection into a single chip and realize automatic and multi-functional analysis. The microfluidic chip is easy to operate, easy to carry, and convenient for on-site deployment, providing a new option for tedious and time-consuming laboratory testing. Microfluidic technology can be further combined with electrochemical, optical, mass spectrometry, and other technologies to greatly expand its function and usability. Microfluidic systems have a wide range of applications in public health monitoring, including food safety management, environmental monitoring, veterinary diagnostics, organic wastewater treatment, and forensic science.