Dollar to PKR
How to Excahange Dollar to PKR in Pakistan 2023
The Pakistani Rupee (PKR) is the official currency of Pakistan. The United States Dollar (USD) is the most widely traded currency in the world and is accepted as a global reserve currency.
The exchange rate between these two currencies changes on a daily basis based on market forces such as supply and demand, geopolitical events, and economic news from both countries. Currently Dollar to PKR, 1 USD = 160 PKR. This means that for every US Dollar you have, you can get approximately 160 PKR in return.
It is important to note that although it is possible to convert dollars into rupees through online banking or through money transfer services like Western Union or MoneyGram,
there will be additional charges applied by those services which can significantly reduce your amount of money received when converting dollars into rupees.
It’s also wise to pay attention to the current exchange rate before attempting any type of conversion otherwise you may end up losing money due to unfavorable changes in the rate after you’ve already completed your transaction.
Exchange Rate: Current & Historical
Current Exchange Rate: The current exchange rate of the US Dollar to Pakistani Rupee is roughly 160.36 PKR per USD. This rate has been relatively stable over the past few weeks, with slight fluctuations.
Historical Exchange Rate: Over time, the exchange rate between Dollar to PKR has fluctuated significantly due to multiple external factors such as political instability, economic development and global market forces. In recent decades, it was significantly higher than its current levels with a peak of around 200 PKR per USD in 2009. Since then, it has steadily declined due to a number of factors such as strengthening of the Pakistani rupee and improved investor confidence in Pakistan’s economy.
Impact of Dollar to PKR Currency Fluctuations
Currency fluctuations can have a significant impact on the economy of Pakistan. A decrease in the value of the dollar against the Pakistani Rupee means that imports become more expensive, resulting in an increase in prices for consumers and businesses. This, in turn, affects their purchasing power and could lead to decreased demand for imported goods.
On the other hand, an appreciation of the dollar against the Pakistani Rupee potentially leads to cheaper imports which is beneficial for both consumers and businesses as it results in lower costs. This can also have a positive impact on economic growth since import-dependent sectors such as manufacturing may benefit from reduced input costs.
Additionally, currency fluctuations can affect foreign investment flows into Pakistan. A weaker exchange rate makes investments less attractive for foreign investors; conversely, an appreciation of the Pak Rupee would encourage foreign capital inflows due to greater potential returns.
Therefore, instability or large swings in exchange rates can create uncertainty among potential investors which may cause them to reduce their exposure or completely withdraw from certain markets altogether. In conclusion, currency fluctuations can have far-reaching consequences on both local businesses and international investors operating within Pakistan’s economy.
Reasons for Volatility
Macroeconomic conditions such as inflation, GDP growth, or deficit levels are among the most important determinants of a currency’s value.
If Pakistan is experiencing higher inflation than its trading partner (the US), then it will likely lead to an appreciation of the PKR against the USD. Similarly, if Pakistan’s GDP growth rate is higher than that of the US for an extended period of time, then it will lead to an appreciation in PKR over USD.
Political instability in Pakistan can also add to exchange rate volatility.
For example, if there is civil unrest or uncertainty regarding upcoming elections in Pakistan then this could cause investors to become concerned about their investments in the country leading them to sell off their PKR holdings and buy more USD instead. This could result in significant depreciation in the value of the Pakistani Rupee relative to the USD.
In addition, regional dynamics play a key role when it comes to foreign exchange rates between countries like Pakistan and USA due to trade flows between countries which further impact supply-demand fundamentals for each currency pair involved.
If demand for goods from the US increases rapidly within regions like South Asia then this would likely lead to increased demand for USD which would consequently result in appreciation of the dollar versus other currencies like PKR as well.
Compare to Other Currencies
The US Dollar to Pakistani Rupee rate has been around 161.6 for the past week, which is an increase of 8.5% since January 2021 when the rate was
For example, if there is civil unrest or uncertainty regarding upcoming elections in Pakistan then this could cause investors to become concerned about their investments in the country leading them to sell off their PKR holdings and buy more USD instead. This could result in significant depreciation in the value of the Pakistani Rupee relative to the USD.
Absorption Costing MCQs with Answers Explanation Engineering ECE
What Is Absorption Costing?
Absorption costing, also known as the all-encompassing, all-inclusive, or comprehensive costing method, is a sophisticated and perplexing managerial accounting framework that attempts to incorporate all expenses that are linked to the production of a particular product. This method is highly intricate and involves a copious amount of calculations and analyses to arrive at the total cost of production.
Every minuscule expense, whether direct or indirect, such as raw materials, labor, rent, utilities, depreciation, maintenance, insurance, and every other associated cost, is taken into account to determine the total cost of the product. The complexity of this method is staggering, and it requires extensive knowledge of accounting principles, an understanding of manufacturing processes, and advanced analytical skills to execute.
However, despite its complexity, absorption costing is still widely used in the industry due to its comprehensive approach to providing an accurate picture of the cost of production. Moreover, under the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in the United States, absorption costing is an approved method for external reporting. In contrast, variable costing is prohibited, adding to the confusion and perplexity surrounding this topic.
Which of the following costs would NOT be included in the cost of goods sold calculation under absorption costing?
a) Direct materials
b) Direct labor
c) Variable manufacturing overhead
d) Fixed manufacturing overhead
Answer: c) Variable manufacturing overhead
Explanation: Under absorption costing, both fixed and variable manufacturing overhead costs are included in the cost of goods sold calculation. Direct materials and direct labor costs are also included.
When production exceeds sales, absorption costing will result in:
a) Higher net income than variable costing
b) Lower net income than variable costing
c) The same net income as variable costing
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Higher net income than variable costing
Explanation: When production exceeds sales, there will be more fixed manufacturing overhead costs that are absorbed into the cost of goods sold calculation under absorption costing. This results in a higher net income compared to variable costing, which only includes variable manufacturing costs in the cost of goods sold calculation.
Which of the following statements is true about absorption costing?
a) It is used for external reporting purposes
b) It is used for internal decision-making purposes
c) It is the same as variable costing
d) None of the above
Answer: a) It is used for external reporting purposes
Explanation: Absorption costing is required for external financial reporting purposes, such as on the income statement and in financial statements. Variable costing, on the other hand, is often used for internal decision-making purposes.
In a period of increasing production and sales, absorption costing will result in:
a) Higher net income than variable costing
b) Lower net income than variable costing
c) The same net income as variable costing
d) None of the above
Answer: c) The same net income as variable costing
Explanation: When production and sales increase, absorption costing and variable costing will result in the same net income. This is because there will be fewer fixed manufacturing overhead costs per unit under absorption costing, but there will also be more units sold.
